See also:

• Science: Biology: Methods and Techniques  (49)
• Society: Issues: Animal Welfare: Animal Experiments - Vivisection  (157)

• European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods - ECVAM validates, accepts and recommends deletions for regulatory acceptance of pharmaceuticals, and related products. Includes new submission of tests for phototoxicity, skin corrosivity, inhibition of toxin binding for tetanus vaccines, embryotoxicity assays, using embryonic stem cell, and growth in rat cultures.
• HEPMEAP - European collaborative project on the health effects of particles from motor engine exhaust and ambient air pollution. Survey and screening using in vivo animal toxicity and in-vitro screening, progress report and participants coordinated by the Medicine and Allergy University Hospital, UmeÃ¥, Sweden.
• Test Method Evaluations - Examples of alternative toxicological tests evaluated and approved, to reduce, refine, or replace the use of animals and to be economic in cost and time factors. From the ICCVAM Working Group, coordinated by NICEATM, for multiple agencies of US Federal Government.
• Workshop on Refinements in Toxicology Testing - Overview of the presentations given at 1999 workshop. Includes chronic and acute toxicity studies, and non-invasive approaches to monitoring endpoints. Hosted by The Humane Society of the United States.